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Total 667546 Results
| Label | Description | ILX | Version | Created CID | Modified Time | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brother | ILX:0101480 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Brown | ILX:0101481 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Brown capuchin | ILX:0101482 | 5 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Brown green | A color consisting of brown and green hues. | ILX:0101483 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome | A rare neurological disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive pontobulbar palsy associated with sensorineural deafness. Fifty-eight cases have been reported in the last 100 years, with a female to male ratio of approximately 3:1. Age of onset varies from infancy to the third decade. BVVL most frequently presents with sensorineural deafness, usually progressive and severe. Lower cranial nerve involvement and lower and upper motor neuron limb signs are common. Other features include respiratory compromise, limb weakness, slurring of speech, facial weakness, and neck and shoulder weakness. Optic atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, macular hyperpigmentation, autonomic dysfunction and epilepsy may also occur. Approximately 50% of cases are sporaide and 50% familial, of which autosomal recessive is suggested. | ILX:0101484 | 7 | scicrunch | 02/14/2020 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Brugada | A genetic disease that is characterised by abnormal electrocardiogram findings and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. | ILX:0101485 | 5 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| BSD License | BSD licenses represent a family of permissive free software licenses, placing few restrictions on the developer or user. As a developer, you may distribute source or binaries (with or without source code). As a tool user, you may modify and redistribute this tool or resource. If source code is distributed, a user may browse the source code to understand the tool's workings, modify the tool to better suit local needs, and share a modified version. If source code is not distributed, a user may still redistribute the tool as part of another package. (NITRC)The original BSD license was used for the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix-like operating system for which the license is named. The first version of the license was revised, and the resulting licenses are more properly called modified BSD licenses. Permissive licenses, sometimes with important differences pertaining to license compatibility, are referred to as BSD-style licenses". Several BSD-like licenses | ILX:0101486 | 0 | scicrunch | 01/01/1970 | scicrunch | 01/01/1970 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb | |
| Buclizine | Buclizine is an antihistamine of the piperazine derivative family. (Wikipedia) Pharmacology: Buclizine is a piperazine-derivative antihistamine used as an antivertigo/antiemetic agent. Buclizine is used in the prevention and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and dizziness associated with motion sickness. Additionally, it has been used in the management of vertigo in diseases affecting the vestibular apparatus. Although the mechanism by which buclizine exerts its antiemetic and antivertigo effects has not been fully elucidated, its central anticholinergic properties are partially responsible. The drug depresses labyrinth excitability and vestibular stimulation, and it may affect the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. It also possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic, central nervous system depressant, and local anesthetic effects. Mechanism of action: Vomiting (emesis) is essentially a protective mechanism for removing irritant or otherwise harmful substances from the upper GI tract. Emesis or vomiting is controlled by the vomiting centre in the medulla region of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ). The vomiting centre possesses neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine containing synapses. These types of neurons are especially involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Motion sickness principally involves overstimulation of these pathways due to various sensory stimuli. Hence the action of buclizine which acts to block the histamine receptors in the vomiting centre and thus reduce activity along these pathways. Furthermore since buclizine possesses anti-cholinergic properties as well, the muscarinic receptors are similarly blocked. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anticholinergic Agents. Antiemetics. Antihistamines | ILX:0101487 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Budesonide | A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Budesonide is a synthetic corticosteroid used in Crohn's disease to decrease the symptoms and inflammation associated with the disease, especially at times of flare up. Budesonide has a high topical glucocorticosteroid (GCS) activity and a substantial first pass elimination. The formulation contains granules which are coated to protect dissolution in gastric juice, but which dissolve at pH >5.5, ie, normally when the granules reach the duodenum. Thereafter, a matrix of ethylcellulose with budesonide controls the release of the drug into the intestinal lumen in a time-dependent manner. Mechanism of action: The exact mechanism of action of budesonide in the treatment of Crohn's disease is not fully understood. However, being a glucocorticosteroid, budesonide has a high local anti-inflammatory effect. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-inflammatory Agents. Bronchodilator Agents. Corticosteroids. Glucocorticoids | ILX:0101488 | 5 | scicrunch | 08/24/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Bufotenine | A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic. Pharmacology: Bufotenin is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Mechanism of action: Not Available Drug type: Experimental. Illicit. Small Molecule. Drug category: Hallucinogens. Serotonin Antagonists | ILX:0101489 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bumetanide | A sulfamyl diuretic. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Bumetanide is a loop diuretic of the sulfamyl category to treat heart failure. It is often used in patients in whom high doses of furosemide are ineffective. There is however no reason not to use bumetanide as a first choice drug. The main difference between the two substances is in bioavailability. It is said to be a more predictable diuretic, meaning that the predictable absorption is reflected in a more predictable effect. Bumetanide is 40 times more potent than furosemide (for patients with normal renal function). Mechanism of action: Bumetanide interferes with renal cAMP and/or inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Bumetanide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, altering electrolyte transfer in the proximal tubule. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride, and water and, hence, diuresis. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Diuretics. Diuretics, Sulfamyl. Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors | ILX:0101490 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bundled Anatomical Configuration | When several members of a class occur tightly apposed to one another or attached to one another in identifiable bundles. | ILX:0101491 | 4 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bungarotoxin | A polypeptide neurotoxin that is obtained from krait venom and yields three electrophoretic fractions of which the one designated α is used especially to label acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions because it binds irreversibly to them and blocks their activity –often used with one of the Greek prefixes α-, β-, or γ- to indicate the electrophoretic fractions. (from Merriam-Webster online dictionary) | ILX:0101492 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bunina Body | Bunina bodies are small eosinphilic granular inclusions that are 1-3 microns in diameter in the anterior horn cells, appearing either singly or in a group. Sometimes they are arranded in small beaded chains. They stain bright red with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, deep blue with phospotungstic acid hematoxylin and blue with Luxol fast blue. They express cystatin C and consist of electron-dense amorphous material that contains tubules or vesicular structures. The amorphous material frequently includes a cytoplasmis island containing neurofilaments and other micro-organelles. | ILX:0101493 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bunopithecus | ILX:0101494 | 4 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Bunopithecus hoolock | ILX:0101495 | 5 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Buoyancy | A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its tendency or ability to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air. | ILX:0101496 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Bupivacaine | A widely used local anesthetic agent. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Bupivacaine is a widely used local anesthetic agent. Bupivacaine is often administered by spinal injection prior to total hip arthroplasty. It is also commonly injected into surgical wound sites to reduce pain for up to 20 hours after surgery. In comparison to other local anesthetics it has a long duration of action. It is also the most toxic to the heart when administered in large doses. This problem has led to the use of other long-acting local anaesthetics:ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine is a derivative, specifically an enantiomer, of bupivacaine. Systemic absorption of local anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. At blood concentrations achieved with therapeutic doses, changes in cardiac conduction, excitability, refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance are minimal. However, toxic blood concentrations depress cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias and to cardiac arrest, sometimes resulting in fatalities. In addition, myocardial contractility is depressed and peripheral vasodilation occurs, leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. Following systemic absorption, local anesthetics can produce central nervous system stimulation, depression or both. Mechanism of action: Local anesthetics such as bupivacaine block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone. The analgesic effects of Bupivicaine are thought to be due to its binding to the prostaglandin E2 receptors, subtype EP1 (PGE2EP1), which inhibits the production of prostaglandins, thereby reducing fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anesthetics, Local | ILX:0101497 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Buprenorphine | A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Buprenorphine is a synthetic opioid analgesic and thebaine derivative, with a longer duration of action than morphine. Buprenorphine interacts predominately with the opioid mu-receptor. These mu-binding sites are discretely distributed in the human brain, spinal cord, and other tissues. In clinical settings, buprenorphine exerts its principal pharmacologic effects on the central nervous system. Its primary actions of therapeutic value are analgesia and sedation. Buprenorphine may increase the patient's tolerance for pain and decrease the perception of suffering, although the presence of the pain itself may still be recognized. In addition to analgesia, alterations in mood, euphoria and dysphoria, and drowsiness commonly occur. Buprenorphine depresses the respiratory centers, depresses the cough reflex, and constricts the pupils. Mechanism of action: Buprenorphine's analgesic effect is due to partial agonist activity at mu-opioid receptors. Buprenorphine is also a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist. The partial agonist activity means that opioid receptor antagonists (e.g., an antidote such as naloxone) only partially reverse the effects of buprenorphine. The binding to the mu and kappa receptors results in hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability. Drug type: Approved. Illicit. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Analgesics, Opioid. Narcotic Antagonists. Narcotics | ILX:0101498 | 5 | scicrunch | 08/24/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Bupropion | A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Bupropion, an antidepressant of the aminoketone class and a non-nicotine aid to smoking cessation, is chemically unrelated to tricyclic, tetracyclic, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, or other known antidepressant agents. Compared to classical tricyclic antidepressants, Bupropion is a relatively weak inhibitor of the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. In addition, Bupropion does not inhibit monoamine oxidase. Bupropion produces dose-related central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effects in animals, as evidenced by increased locomotor activity, increased rates of responding in various schedule-controlled operant behavior tasks, and, at high doses, induction of mild stereotyped behavior. Mechanism of action: Bupropion selectively inhibits the neuronal reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin; actions on dopaminergic systems are more significant than imipramine or amitriptyline whereas the blockade of norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake at the neuronal membrane is weaker for bupropion than for tricyclic antidepressants. The increase in norepinephrine may attenuate nicotine withdrawal symptoms and the increase in dopamine at neuronal sites may reduce nicotine cravings and the urge to smoke. Bupropion exhibits moderate anticholinergic effects. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antidepressive Agents. Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation. Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors | ILX:0101499 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
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