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Total 393357 Results
| Label | Description | ILX | Version | Created CID | Modified Time | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D Dopa | A dopa that has formula C9H11NO4. It is a enantiomer of L-dopa. (Adapted from CHEBI). | ILX:0102773 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| D1 receptor | Dopamine receptor that stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity, and has a high affinity for SKF 38393 and its homologs. It is a protien that is encoded, in humans, by the DRD1 gene. The D1 subtype is the most abundant dopamine receptor in the central nervous system. This G-protein coupled receptor stimulates adenylyl cyclase and activates cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. D1 receptors are enriched in Caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercles. These receptors regulate neuronal growth and development, mediate some behavioral responses, and modulate dopamine receptor D2-mediated events. Alternate transcription initiation sites result in two transcript variants of this gene. (adapted from Entrez Gene) | ILX:0102774 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| D2 receptor | Dopamine receptor is a G-protien coupled receptor that inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity, potentiate calcium evoked release of arachadonic acid, increase potassium channel opening and in some cells decrease intracellular calcium concentrations. D2 receptors have a high affinity for antipsychotic drugs and have higher levels of expression in mammalian hippocampus and hypothalamus. It is encoded by the DRD2 gene in humans and a missense mutation in this gene causes myoclonus dystonia; other mutations have been associated with schizophrenia. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. A third variant has been described, but it has not been determined whether this form is normal or due to aberrant splicing. (adapted from Entrez Gene). | ILX:0102775 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| D3 receptor | D3 receptor is the transcription product of the DRD3 gene. This subtype of dopaminergic receptor decreases adenylyl cyclase activity through inhibitory G-proteins. This receptor is expressed in phylogenetically older regions of the brain, especially enriched in the Islands of Calleja, olfactory tubercles, and the nucleus accumbens. This suggests that this receptor plays a role in cognitive and emotional functions. It is a target for drugs which treat schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Parkinson's disease. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants that would encode different isoforms, although some variants may be subject to nonsense-mediated decay. (Adapted from Entrez Gene) | ILX:0102776 | 4 | scicrunch | 08/24/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| D4 receptor | This Dopaminergic receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the DRD4 gene. As with other dopamine receptor subtypes, the D4 receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine, however this specific subtype is enriched in expression in the frontal cortex, diencephalon, and the brain stem. It is also a target for drugs which treat schizophrenia and Parkinson disease. The D4 receptor is considered to be D2-like in which the activated receptor inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic AMP. (Adapted from Wikipedia) | ILX:0102777 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| D5 receptor | This dopaminergic receptor is a protein that in humans in encoded by the DRD5 gene. The D5 subtype is a G-protein coupled receptor which stimulates adenylyl cyclase.This receptor is expressed in neurons in the limbic regions of the brain, especially in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus. It has a 10-fold higher affinity for dopamine than the D1 subtype. Pseudogenes related to this gene reside on chromosome 1 and chromosome 2. (Adapted from Entrez Gene). | ILX:0102778 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dacarbazine | An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564) Pharmacology: After intravenous administration of DTIC-Dome, the volume of distribution exceeds total body water content suggesting localization in some body tissue, probably the liver. Its disappearance from the plasma is biphasic with initial half-life of 19 minutes and a terminal half-life of 5 hours. 1 In a patient with renal and hepatic dysfunctions, the half-lives were lengthened to 55 minutes and 7.2 hours. 1 The average cumulative excretion of unchanged DTIC in the urine is 40% of the injected dose in 6 hours. 1 DTIC is subject to renal tubular secretion rather than glomerular filtration. At therapeutic concentrations DTIC is not appreciably bound to human plasma protein. Mechanism of action: Possibly blocking the formation of inosinic acid. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antineoplastic Agents. Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating | ILX:0102779 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Daclizumab | Humanized IgG1 Mab that binds to the human interleukin-2 receptor (anti-Tac or anti-CD25). Daclizumab is a composite of human (90%) and murine (10%) antibody sequences. The human sequences were derived from the constant domains of human IgG1 and the variable framework regions of the Eu myeloma antibody. The murine sequences were derived from the complementarity-determining regions of a murine anti-Tac antibody. Pharmacology: Zenapax functions as an IL-2 receptor antagonist. Specifically it inhibits IL-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes, a critical pathway in the cellular immune response involved in allograft rejection. Mechanism of action: Zenepax binds with high-affinity to the Tac subunit of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor complex and inhibits IL-2 binding. The IL-2 receptor (Tac) subunit is expressed on activated but not resting lymphocytes. Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Investigational. Drug category: Immunomodulatory Agents. Immunosuppressive Agents | ILX:0102780 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dactinomycin | A compound composed of a two cyclic peptides attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from streptomyces parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) Pharmacology: Generally, the actinomycins exert an inhibitory effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and on some fungi. However, the toxic properties of the actinomycins (including dactinomycin) in relation to antibacterial activity are such as to preclude their use as antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases. Because the actinomycins are cytotoxic, they have an antineoplastic effect which has been demonstrated in experimental animals with various types of tumor implant. This cytotoxic action is the basis for their use in the treatment of certain types of cancer. Dactinomycin is believed to produce its cytotoxic effects by binding DNA and inhibiting RNA synthesis. Mechanism of action: Good evidence exists that this drug bind strongly, but reversibly, to DNA, interfering with synthesis of RNA and, consequently, with protein synthesis. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Bacterial Agents. Antibiotics. Antibiotics, Antineoplastic. Antineoplastic Agents. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors | ILX:0102781 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Damage | ILX:0102782 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Damaged | ILX:0102783 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Danazol | A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Danazol is a derivative of the synthetic steroid ethisterone, a modified testosterone. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first drug to specifically treat endometriosis, but its role as a treatment for endometriosis has been largely replaced by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Danazol has antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities. Danazol acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Mechanism of action: As a gonadotropin inhibitor, danazol suppresses the pituitary-ovarian axis possibly by inhibiting the output of pituitary gonadotropins. Danazol also depresses the preovulatory surge in output of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and therefore reduces ovarian estrogen production. Danazol also may directly inhibit ovarian steroidogenesis, bind to androgen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid receptors, bind to sex-hormone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin, and increase the metabolic clearance rate of progesterone. Endometriosis - As a consequence of suppression of ovarian function, both normal and ectopic endometrial tissues become inactive and atrophic. As a result, anovulation and associated amenorrhea occur. Fibrocystic breast disease - The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but may be related to suppressed estrogenic stimulation as a result of decreased ovarian production of estrogen. A direct effect on steroid receptor sites in breast tissue also is possible. Disappearance of nodularity, relief of pain and tenderness, and possibly changes in the menstrual pattern result. Hereditary angioedema - Danazol corrects the underlying biochemical deficiency by increasing serum concentrations of the deficient C1 esterase inhibitor, resulting in increased serum concentrations of the C4 component of the complement system. (Source: PharmGKB) Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Estrogen Antagonists | ILX:0102784 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Danio | ILX:0102785 | 5 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Dantrolene | Chemically, dantrolene is a hydantoin derivative, but does not exhibit antiepileptic activity like other hydantoin derivates such as phenytoin. Pharmacology: Dantrolene is classified as a direct-acting skeletal muscle relaxant. It is currently the only specific and effective treatment for malignant hyperthermia. In isolated nerve-muscle preparation, Dantrium has been shown to produce relaxation by affecting the contractile response of the muscle at a site beyond the myoneural junction. In skeletal muscle, Dantrium dissociates excitation-contraction coupling, probably by interfering with the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the anesthetic-induced malignant hyperthermia syndrome, evidence points to an intrinsic abnormality of skeletal muscle tissue. In selected humans, it has been postulated that triggering agents (e.g.,general anesthetics and depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents) produce a change within the cell which results in an elevated myoplasmic calcium. This elevated myoplasmic calcium activates acute cellular catabolic processes that cascade to the malignant hyperthermia crisis. It is hypothesized that addition of Dantrium to the triggered malignant hyperthermic muscle cell reestablishes a normal level of ionized calcium in the myoplasm. Mechanism of action: Dantrolene depresses excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle by binding to the ryanodine receptor 1, and decreasing intracellular calcium concentration. Ryanodine receptors mediate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, an essential step in muscle contraction. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Muscle Relaxants, Central | ILX:0102786 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dapiprazole | Dapiprazole (U.S. trade name Rev-Eyes) is an alpha blocker. It is used to reverse mydriasis after eye examination. (Wikipedia) Pharmacology: Dapiprazole is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. It produces miosis by blocking the alpha-adrenergic receptors on the dilator muscle of the iris. Dapiprazole produces no significant action on ciliary muscle contraction and thus, there are no changes in the depth of the anterior chamber of the thickness of the lens. It does not alter the IOP either in normal eyes or in eyes with elevated IOP. The rate of pupillary constriction may be slightly slower in clients with brown irises than in clients with blue or green irises. Mechanism of action: Dapiprazole acts through blocking the alpha1-adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle. It produces miosis through an effect on the dilator muscle of the iris and does not have any significant activity on ciliary muscle contraction and, therefore does not induce a significant change in the anterior chamber depth or the thickness of the lens. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists. Antimydriatics. Antipsychotic Agents. Ophthalmologicals | ILX:0102787 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dappled | A color pattern inhering to a bearer by virtue of being marked with small spots, patches, or specks of hue or degree of saturation differing from that of the background. | ILX:0102788 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Dapsone | A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against mycobacterium leprae. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the sulfonamides which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with pyrimethamine in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8) Pharmacology: Dapsone is a sulfone with anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive properties as well as antibacterial and antibiotic properties. Dapsone is the principal drug in a multidrug regimen recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment of leprosy. As an anti-infective agent, it is also used for treating malaria and, recently, for Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients. Dapsone is absorbed rapidly and nearly completely from the gastrointestinal tract. Dapsone is distributed throughout total body water and is present in all tissues. However, it tends to be retained in skin and muscle and especially in the liver and kidney: traces of the drug are present in these organs up to 3 weeks after therapy cessation. Mechanism of action: Dapsone acts against bacteria and protozoa in the same way as sulphonamides, that is by inhibiting the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid through competition with para-amino-benzoate for the active site of dihydropteroate synthetase. The anti-inflammatory action of the drug is unrelated to its antibacterial action and is still not fully understood. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Infective Agents. Anti-Infectives. Anti-inflammatory Agents. Antimalarials. Antimycobacterials. Folic Acid Antagonists. Leprostatic Agents | ILX:0102789 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Daptomycin | Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic that kills susceptible gram positive bacteria by disrupting their membrane potential. It is a naturally-occurring compound found in the soil bacterium Streptomyces roseosporus. Antibiotics are used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria. They work by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. Daptomycin will not work for colds, flu, or other virus infections. It was approved in September 2003 for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. It has a safety profile similar to other agents commonly administered to treat gram-positive infections. Pharmacology: Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic active against Gram-positive bacteria only. It has proven in vitro activity against enterococci (including glycopeptide-resistant Enterococci (GRE)), staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), streptococci and corynebacteria. Mechanism of action: Daptomycin appears to bind or insert into the outer membrane of gram positive bacteria. This binding casues rapid depolarisation, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis, which results in bacterial cell death. The bactericidal activity of daptomycin is concentration-dependent. There is in vitro evidence of synergy with -lactam antibiotics. Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Investigational. Drug category: Anti-Bacterial Agents | ILX:0102790 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Darbepoetin alfa | Human erythropoietin with 2 aa substitutions to enhance glycosylation (5 N-linked chains), 165 residues (MW | ILX:0102791 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Darifenacin | Darifenacin (Enablex, Novartis) is a medication used to treat urinary incontinence.Darifenacin works by blocking the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions. It thereby decreases the urgency to urinate. It should not be used in people with urinary retention.It is not known whether this selectivity for the M3 receptor translates into any clinical advantage when treating symptoms of overactive bladder syndrome. Pharmacology: Darifenacin is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. In vitro studies using human recombinant muscarinic receptor subtypes show that darifenacin has greater affinity for the M3 receptor than for the other known muscarinic receptors (9 and 12-fold greater affinity for M3 compared to M1 and M5, respectively, and 59-fold greater affinity for M3 compared to both M2 and M4). Muscarinic receptors play an important role in several major cholinergically mediated functions, including contractions of the urinary bladder smooth muscle and stimulation of salivary secretion. Adverse drug effects such as dry mouth, constipation and abnormal vision may be mediated through effects on M3 receptors in these organs. Mechanism of action: Darifenacin selectively antagonizes the muscarinic M3 receptor. M3 receptors are involved in contraction of human bladder and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, saliva production, and iris sphincter function. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Muscarinic Antagonists. Urinary antispasmodics | ILX:0102792 | 3 | scicrunch | 06/18/2018 | scicrunch | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
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